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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the eyebrow which exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are easily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of the colony and also have certain other tasks to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they perform they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and click over here precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a primary queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance.